Bow Wow..Meow..Moooo..Hee Haw

2007-07-30T11:00:00.001-07:00

Link from Adopt Strays

Look at this gorgeous dog!! She was abandoned at Vasant Nagar and a kind girl called Shilpa, who is visiting Bangalore and is on vacation, put up this post on orkut! She found the dog near her house, scared, very thin (possible starvation) and longing to be loved!
Shilpa was kind enough to take the pup in and is looking after it.... but she will leave Bangalore in a couple of weeks and is hoping to place the pup before she leaves.... someone...please please please adopt!!!!

Name: We don't know so Soulmia temporarily christen her "Snowflake"
Age: Young - about one year
Breed: Labrador mix
Sex: Female
Nature: Inquisitive, friendly and playful

Cross posted @ soultrot

CUPA Newsletter

2007-07-18T09:23:00.000-07:00

CUPA is planning to come up with an online newsletter. But we aren't sure how many of you will be interested in recieving those newsletters. If any of you are, do leave your email ids in the comments section and we will keep you updated about the happenings at CUPA through our newsletters.

Do have a look at this if you are planning to bring your best friend home. ( Link from Adopt-A-Stray)

Cross posted @ Soultrot

RTI -CUPA ABC/ARV Programme..

2007-03-28T06:17:00.001-07:00

This information is as per Section 4 of the Right to Information Act, 2005. As per this Act, all NGOs substantially financed, directly or indirectly, by funds provided by the appropriate government should disseminate the relevant information, on the use of these funds and the purpose for which it made.

Compassion Unlimited Plus Action – CUPA is a registered public charitable Trust bearing registration no. IV 603/91-92 dated 14.10.1991 for the welfare of animals, based in Bangalore.

Section I - Brief History of CUPA, its aims and objectives

* Primary purpose of CUPA:

Primary Objective:

• Crystal Rogers founded CUPA in 1991. The primary objective of CUPA is to provide relief to animals round the clock through medical facilities and handling cases of cruelties inflicted on animals.

Secondary Objective:

• Provide shelter for animals round the clock with special features and facilities offered by the shelter and clinic for all types of animals include x-ray, laboratory facilities, grooming, boarding, ambulance service, sterilisation programme of street dogs, rescue of wildlife.

• CUPA’s out-reach programmes extends beyond limits of urban Bangalore, and comprises of -

* Large Animal health Camps in rural & urban areas
* Anti-Rabies vaccination camps
* Humane Education & Canine Therapy Programmes
* Care & Rehabilitation for captive elephants

• Lobby for animal rights at National & International levels.

Organization’s goals:

• To work with owners of load bearing animals to facilitate awareness and modify working conditions.
• To provide a much needed modern hospital & shelter on a two-acre facility for large animals.
• To work with Municipal authorities beyond City Corporation limits in humane control of stray animals.
• To provide medical aid and ambulance service for animals within and beyond city limits, on a 24-hour basis.
•To provide legal aid for cruelty cases of wild and domestic animals.
• To provide relief to drought affected animals to prevent them being sold for slaughter during intermittent periods of drought in villages.
•To discourage factory farming (to begin with, of poultry) by creating awareness, improving means of animal and poultry transport, lobbying etc.
• To improve captive elephant conditions. Currently working in the field of health care and management to highlight their pathetic plight in temples, circuses and other areas. Final objective would be to bring about a comprehensive policy change for improvement in their living conditions.

Organization’s programs and activities:

From two tiny rooms in the home of its Founder President, Crystal Rogers, in October 1991, CUPA today operates from three centres. More than 10,000 wild and domestic animals pass through its portals and activities range from urban stray dog control to load bearing animal relief centres, from 24 hours, 7 days a week animal shelter and emergency care centre, to rehabilitation of wildlife in their indigenous forest zones.

CUPA is also involved with legal issues protecting the interest and welfare of animals – wild and domestic, in the High Court of Karnataka. It’s columns in local papers have popularized compassion for animals – both stray and pet, making it easier for urban people to adopt homeless animals.

Today, CUPA in Bangalore is synonymous with animal advocacy and welfare. There is an element of personalized care in the busy KVAFSU-CUPA Animal Shelter at Hebbal for stray, abused, owned or abandoned animals.

CUPA provides a range of services for animals in need. Shelter facilities are open for 24 hours with ambulance service. The ambulance attends 2000 cases involving injured birds and animals every month.The Clinic & Shelter provide the following services:

•Clinic facilities
•Treatment facilities offered for stray or owned animals through day and night.
•X-Ray facility for all animals
•Laboratory facilities for effective and quick diagnosis.
•Intensive care facility for animals in serious conditions.
•Adoption facility with pre- and post- adoption checks for abandoned dogs, cats, pups and kittens.
•Well – equipped operation theatre and surgery units for sterilisation of stray dogs.
•State-of-the-art operation theatre handling complicated surgeries for large and small animals.
•Dermatology and boarding facilities for dogs and cats.
•85 kennel spaces to accommodate dogs and housing for other animals.
•Large animal shed for treatment and care.
•Cattery with individual cages for treatment and housing.

* CUPA has arranged for its medical team to visit the Dzongchen Monastry,Tibetan Colony, Oderyapalya, Kollegal in Karnataka State – 180 km from Bangalore for sterilisation & medical camps for the stray animals in the area on several occasions.

* On request from and in collaboration with the Animal Husbandry Department, Karnataka, CUPA provides free anti- rabies vaccination for stray dogs and medications for large animals in nearby semi-urban and rural districts of Karnataka State.

CUPA enjoys the following exemption and status with Govt. of India:

i) Exemption from Income Tax under section 80G of the Indian IT for all donations received.
ii) Provided charitable Status by the Government of India
iii) Registered with the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act to receive donations in foreign currency.

Scope of work of CUPA:

CUPA treats and handles the following number of animals each year:

* 10,000 dogs annually are sterilised and vaccinated against Rabies. 10,000 dogs are re-vaccinated against Rabies.
* 8,000 dogs other than stray dogs, treated.
* 6,000 large animals treated, vaccinated and de-wormed free of charge, in rural and urban areas.
* 500 small mammals, birds and reptiles rescued and rehabilitated.

Reaching out to people through animals:

•The popular Canine Therapy Programme, with its monthly visits, reaches out to approximately 50 specially challenged children of the Shrishti Opportunity School and Vishwas School, in Bangalore. Children, who have not exhibited any progress in months, have responded and reacted positively to the CUPA canine therapists, who visit them regularly.
• Poor farmers, bullock cart owners and rural folk averaging over 1000 in 34 villages look forward to the free medical aid, offered by CUPA, for their cattle.
•Schoolchildren in large numbers from far and near visit the CUPA Shelter and return with biscuits in hand, and happy memories to take home.
• Encouragement is given to members of the public to adopt the street pups, dogs, cats and kittens for which the animals are sterilised and vaccinated free of cost .

Section II – Brief on Trustees & Senior Staff members

A BRIEF RESUME OF TRUSTEES

CUPA Trustees are selected for their tremendous love and compassion towards all animals, birds and reptiles. This also extends towards human understanding and their welfare as seen in the handling of the staff, numbering about one hundred individuals.

Trustees of CUPA offer their honorary services to the organisation on a full or part time basis with each in charge of a facet of the organisation.

1. Dr. K. Sreenivasan: - Hon. President - 65 - was the Director General & Inspector General of Police, Karnataka (Retd.). He is a practising advocate and has tremendous insight and foresight in the effective management of the organisation. Dr. Sreenivasan is a humanitarian & sympathetic to the cause of animal welfare.

2. Mrs. Suparna Baksi - Ganguly: - Hon. Vice -President - 46 - is Post Graduate in English Literature. She has been active in the field of animal welfare since her early twenties and is devoted to the cause of animal welfare and protection. She is a Founder Member of CUPA.
She takes care of projects, public relations and communications.

3. Dr. (Mrs) Shiela Rao: - Hon. Treasurer - 49 - is a veterinarian purely for the love of animals. She volunteers her services for taking care of innumerable sick, injured and abandoned animals. Dr. Shiela Rao is also the Founder Member of CUPA. She was the Vice-President of Karuna Animal Welfare Association (formerly SPCA) Bangalore for a year. She takes care of the CUPA Animal Care Clinic.

4. Mrs. Sanober Z. Bharucha: - Hon. Secretary – 42 - is a teacher by profession for the hearing Impaired as well as for normal children. She is devoted to the cause of animal welfare and her strength lies in the administrative field of liaison & correspondence. She is also an expert in wildlife neo-natal care. She takes care of the CUPA ABC Centre-Municipal Dog Pound.

5. Miss Sudha Narayanan: - Hon. Joint Secretary - 42 - is in the Income Tax Dept., Govt. of India. She devotes her spare time at the CUPA Shelter. She reaches out to all animals in distress especially those involved in cases of cruelty. Her newspaper columns are well known and have helped to publicise aspects of animal care and welfare. She takes care of the KVAFSU-CUPA Animal Shelter.

6. Mrs. Brindha Nandakumar: - Trustee - 39 - is an advocate. Her professional expertise in dealing with legal matters pertaining to animal laws has been invaluable for the cause of animals. She has many successful cases, to her credit. She also interacts with and gives guidance to young volunteers who are interested in the field of animal care and protection.

7. Mrs. Sandhya Madappa: - Trustee – 48 - has worked as an officer in the State Bank of India for 15 years. An animal activist since 18 years, she was associated with Karuna Animal Welfare Association (formerly SPCA) Bangalore, as Hon. Secretary for 2 years. Her strength is in handling staff related administrative issues and in raising much-needed funds for the work. She takes care of staff matters and fund raising.

Senior Managerial Staff of CUPA:

1. Wg Cdr A.T. Lingaraj is the Executive Officer and in charge of Shelter related matters.

2. Mr. Rama Prakash is in charge of Officer-Administration and takes care of staff matters at the Shelter and at the ABC Centre.

3. Mr. Bala Subramaniam is Manager at the ABC Centre and takes care of staff, records and the entire ABC Programme at the Koramangala ABC Centre.

4. Dr. Basavana Gowda, Senior Veterinarian, is in charge of the CUPA Animal Care Clinic and when required, the Shelter.

5. Dr. H.D. Lohith, Senior Veterinarian takes care of the Shelter and when needed, the ABC Centre. He also performs sterilisations of stray dogs.

6. Dr. Madhu Rao, Veterinarian, takes care of the ABC Centre and performs sterilisations of stray dogs.

7. Dr. Pawan Kumar, Veterinarian, performs sterilisations of stray dogs at the ABC Centre and takes care of the Shelter animals.

Section III – Decision Making Authority & Accountability

Bangalore Mahanagara Palike(BMP)-CUPA Animal Birth Control Centre at the Municipal Dog Pound, Koramangala, Bangalore:

This centre is exclusively for the sterilisation, vaccination against rabies and euthanisation of stray dogs. Mr. Bala Subramaniam, with Trustee & Hon. Secretary, Mrs. Sanober Bharucha is in-charge.

The BMP has constituted a Monitoring Committee for the ABC/ARV/ Euthanisation programme wherein records of work done are submitted to the BMP by the fifth of each month for the work completed the previous month.

Background to ABC/ARV Programme

The killing of stray dogs had been prevalent in Bangalore until May 1999 when the electrocution unit was dismantled. CUPA has past records showing over 100 dogs killed per day for many years….this, when Bangalore was a much smaller city, and such continuous killing should have resulted in a zero population of street dogs. However, this only proved that such mass slaughter did not eliminate or even control the stray dog population of the city.

Stray Dog Census:

A census of stray dogs in 2000 by PFA, Bangalore Chapter showed 74,000 stray dogs and State Government Animal Husbandry Department Livestock census in Nov' 2003 showed 56,146 stray dogs. This showed a reduction by 21%.

Initiation of ABC/ARV/RE-VACCINATION/EUTHANASIA Programme by BMP:

It is the responsibility of the City Corporation – BMP to provide a healthy and clean environment. As regards stray dog management, they wished to supplement their efforts and out-source a part of their work in this field. The Animal Birth Control (Dog) Rules 2001 (as part of the prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960 – a Central Act) also stipulates that NGOs assist, support and supplement the BMP activities in this area.

It is a popular mis-conception that the ABC/ARV programme has been going on for the last 6-10 years.
After stopping the electrocution of dogs, the ABC/ARV/Euthanasia Programme was partially initiated in Oct 2000 by the BMP, whereby CUPA operated 600 dogs and humanely euthanized 150 terminally ill and unfit dogs every month. Deemed as a Pilot project, it continued until March 2003.

In April 2003, it became a full-fledged BMP Programme, with the 100 wards of Bangalore, segmented for convenience, into 10 packages. After tenders were called for, the task was entrusted to four animal welfare organisations and the State Animal Husbandry Department, to catch 400 dogs per package, sterilise 300 and euthanize 100 unfit dogs, which were sick or rabid, every month.

Apart from sterilization, vaccination and euthanasia of sick dogs, each package has to re-vaccinate 300 previously sterilised & vaccinated dogs. Until date, this is followed, and the areas serviced by the agencies are as follows:

* CUPA: 34 wards of package 8,9,10 from ward nos 67 to 99.
* Karuna Animal Welfare Society: 15 wards of packages 1 & 2.
* Krupa…..Loving animals: 18 wards of packages 3 & 4
* Animal Rights Fund: 23 wards of packages 5 & 6
* State Animal Husbandry Department: 10 wards of package 7

The task of stray dog management involves:

* Catching unsterilized dogs / releasing operated and vaccinated animals using vehicles, fuel, and man– power.
* Sheltering dogs involves pre-clinical examinations, operations, medications, feed, water and sanitation.
* Euthanasia involves medications and disposal.

The above exercise costs not less than Rs.420/- per dog. Yet CUPA supplements these costs despite delayed payments from the BMP.

CUPA’s costs are as follows as per the Tender figures given to BBMP:

a) Cost of ABC (including ARV) per Male dog : Rs 375-00
b) Cost of ABC (Including ARV) per Female dogs: Rs 395-00
c) Cost of ARV per dog : Rs. 40-00 (Termed Re-vaccination - not involving Sterilisation)
d) Cost of Euthanasia : Rs. 60-00

These costs include the following:

Medications for sterilisations
Medications for Euthanasia
Salaries including PF & Insurance
Over-time for staff
Release expenses
Anti-Rabies vaccinations for sterilised dogs & re-vaccination programme
Vehicle maintenance that is heavy due to frequent runs
Diesel
Cleaning agents
Staff Uniforms
Anti-rabies vaccinations for staff handling the dogs
Medical equipments
Feeding
Stationary
Bowls, chains, collars etc.
Electricity charges
Water charges
Telephone charges
Hiring charges for the BBMP Dog catching vans

Constraints:

* The city has grown exponentially in the last few years. Many areas have a single street separating the City Municipal Corporation (CMC) areas from the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BMP) areas. The CMC areas have no dog control management in place.

* CUPA, as the other agencies, have been strictly instructed not to operate outside BMP limits, even if there are dogs in areas which are just one road away from a particular ward. Since people and dogs cross freely, and in the absence of any control or management programme in the city municipalities, dogs are breeding and multiplying in these neglected areas. The figures, be they bites, canine numbers or pups etc, are added onto Bangalore City's ABC programme.

* Slum dwellers, people in the low-income areas are highly protective of their dogs. They do not readily give them up for sterilisation. CUPA has often filed police complaints because the dog-catching staff was assaulted while catching dogs.

* Further, many people often breed so-called pedigrees and dogs not sold, are abandoned, adding to the existing stray dog population.

* Defence areas: These are campuses with vast acres and the dog squad can spend the whole day and catch only 1 or 2 dogs. These become breeding grounds.

* Limited Vehicles: With only two functional dog-catching vehicles, for the 34 wards of Bangalore City, an approximate area of 100 sq. km., there is a tremendous constraint on basic resources to address critical issues .These issues need to be addressed urgently by the City administration.

Medical Aspects:

* The programme stipulates complete ovario-hysterectomy, so that females do not reproduce or come to heat after operation.

* In males, complete castration is the norm. Male dogs tend to become less aggressive due to lack of testosterone because of this surgical intervention.

* Ear notching in a U-shape is done surgically to permanently ensure identification of operated dogs.

* During the revaccination programme, detailed records of not just the wards, but also the exact locations of dogs are maintained, and revaccination the next year is carried out in those exact places. Plastic coloured tape collars are used, to identify recently vaccinated animals. Records are available at the CUPA ABC Centre at Dog Pound, Koramangala, for verification.

Release: Van supervisors maintain detailed records, as the programme is effective only when operated dogs are returned to the same areas. Records are available at the CUPA ABC Centre at Dog Pound, Koramangala for verification.

Inspections: Reproductive organs are stored in formalin, and health inspectors from the BMP come once or twice in a week and count them to verify that the numbers tally with the number of sterilisations conducted. These organs are colour dyed to ensure complete transparency while counting. Senior Health Officers of the BMP very often visit the centre unannounced.

Cost of human anti-Rabies vaccinations can reduce if the intra-dermal method of vaccination is followed, like in Thailand and Sri Lanka.

Legal:

The subject falls under the Animal Birth Control ( Dogs ) Rules, 2001 wherein all healthy stray dogs shall be sterilized, vaccinated against Rabies and released in the same locality ( Rule 7 ) and the sick, diseased and mortally injured dogs shall be euthanized painlessly ( Rule 9 )and rabid dogs shall be isolated and NOT put back on streets ( Rule 10 ).

Rule 13 of the previously mentioned The ABC Rules overrides & prevails over all other Rules and Regulations, including the provisions of Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act, Karnataka Municipalities Act and Karnataka Police Act, which stipulate destruction of stray and ownerless dogs.

BENEFITS OF ANIMAL BIRTH CONTROL/ANTI-RABIES VACCINATION & EUTHANISATION PROGRAMME:

• Dogs do not breed and multiply. Puppies on Bangalore streets are visible, more as a matter of exception, than rule.
• Existing sterilized dogs will not allow new dogs to enter since dogs are territorial animals
• Prevents increase in dog population.

1. Control of Rabies - Rabies needs to be controlled in dogs first - administering ARV vaccines to dogs prevents the spread of rabies.
For the last 3 years, Bangalore city has been Rabies-free. It can be attributed to factors like increased awareness, availability of vaccines in BMP Health centres and increased inoculation of all dogs – stray, guardian and pet, through the ABC programme.

2. Control of nuisance factor - Nuisance, such as barking, fighting and aggression happens during mating season. Sterilisation prevents females from coming into heat and gradually reduces testerone levels in males.
Bangalore has had 7875 stray dog bites in a population of 70, 00,000 (100 wards of project area) from April-Dec.’06. (Source: Times of India)

3. Chasing - This is not true of all dogs. Such dogs, with residents' help should be be identified and removed. Veracity of the complaint must be checked, to prevent harmless, innocent animals from being removed.

Stray dogs are domestic animals living with man from time immemorial - majority of them are owned or partially owned by people - belong to poorer sections of society ( watchmen, dhobiwallahs, slum-dwellers and even beggars ) - middle class people also look after them, ensuring the sterilisations and vaccinations of stray dogs in their community. Dogs have lived in harmony, for centuries with human beings.

Dogs are domesticated animals. They are not wild or feral & cannot be compared with wild animals. They are community dogs as they live, eat & sleep with people on the streets.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended ABC along with other techniques for rabies and stray dog control after the failure of the culling or only killing programme. Report is available on request.

Section IV - Standard Operating Procedures:

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR VETERINARIANS:

To maintain the high levels of aseptic conditions in the operation theatre, CUPA Veterinarians are required to adhere to the following regulations for good welfare practices for sterilisation of dogs:

I. SCRUBBING UP THE DOG:

•The ABC Attender must prepare the dog for surgery in the following manner:
• Shaving of surgical site with undiluted savlon & a safety razor. Electric razor may be used.
• The surgical site must be cleaned 3 to 4 times thoroughly with separate cotton wool swabs – NOT THE SAME cotton swab.
• Preparation must be supervised by the Veterinarian.

II. SCRUBBING UP OF THE VETERINARIAN & ATTENDERS’ HANDS:

• Wash hands thoroughly with savlon or any cleansing agent at least twice.
•Do not touch the tap, bottles or soaps after scrubbing.
• Put on sterile gloves, wash after each surgery and apply antiseptic liquid before operating on the next animal.

III. PROCEDURES FOR OPERATION THEATRE:

•The Manager must ensure that all the equipments are in working condition. These include:
•cautery
•autoclave
•sterilizer
•All the essential medicines and injections to be used in case of an emergency MUST be kept ready and at hand.

IV. STERILISING OF SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS:

•Make sure that all the instruments are properly sterilised before use.
• Ensure sufficient medical packs are ready before starting the operations.

V. SURGICAL PROCEDURES TO BE FOLLOWED:

• ANAESTHESIA: Ensure that the dog is adequately anaesthetised and DOES NOT wake up mid-surgery.
• MEDICAL PACKS: Each Veterinarian should compulsorily use 1 medical pack for 2. female street dogs and 1 medical pack for 3. male street dogs. Please note that the number of dogs should not be increased per pack.
• INSTRUMENTS: The instruments should be sterilised before use on EACH dog. DO NOT use the same instrument without cleansing it (COLD STERILISATION NOT BE DONE), on the next dog.
• NEWSPAPER : Place newspaper below the dog to prevent the body temperature of the dog dropping and to keep the table clean.
• DRAPES: Use disposable surgical drapes, preferably which can be clamped in case they tend to slip. The time and labour involved in washing cloth drapes can be avoided. Disposable drapes can be re-used and easier cleaned than cloth drapes. Disposable or cloth drapes to be used one per animal. The same drape should not be used on the next dog.
•NEEDLES: Necessarily, use 1 fresh needle per dog. The same needle should NOT be used for the next dog. All the needles can be sterilised and re-used.
•SKIN CLOSURE: Each layer of skin must be stitched and closed separately.

Ensure that the cut ends of the sutures are tucked in since the ends can carry infections. This MUST be done.

VI. MAINTENANCE OF REGISTERS:

• Veterinarians MUST regularly maintain the following:
•Medical Stock books.
• No. of sterilisations conducted.

VII. ADHERENCE TO MEDICAL PROCEDURES:

• Indenting of fresh medications only on verification of old stock of medications in hand must be done.
•Veterinarians are not allowed to permit attenders to access to the medicine cupboards.
• Veterinarians are not to leave the pre- and post-operative procedures to the attenders. Their presence is mandatory to monitor and supervise at all times.
• It is the Veterinarian’s final decision not to operate on a dog that he/she feels is not in adequate medical fitness to be operated upon.

Section V – List of Registers & Records:

List of Registers and records maintained at the ABC Centre for each of the 3 packages:

1. No. of male and female dogs caught by the dog vans everyday.
2. Complaints received and attended by the dog squad.
3. Organs register checked by the BBMP Health Officers.
4. Euthanasia Register with date of operation, date of death and reason for death with vet’s signature.
5. Sterilisations conducted by each Veterinarian.
6. Anti-rabies vaccinations given to each dog by Veterinarian.
7. Log book for each dog van
8. A master register with dogs caught, sterilised, vaccinated, re-vaccinated and euthanized.
9. Medical Stocks
10. Stock register for movable & immovable items at Centre.
11. List of releases
12. Attendance Register

Section VI – Management of public complaints:

Addressing of Public complaints:

* Complaints are received by phone and in writing pertaining to only those that are within the 34 wards of BBMP allotted to CUPA.
* These are recorded in registers, package wise and written in a separate complaint form.
* These forms are given to each supervisor as per their Package complaints.
* The signatures of the complainant and residents are taken after the dogs are caught.
* The BBMP Health Inspectors also accompany the vans addressing complaint areas and signatures are taken.

COMPASSION UNLIMITED PLUS ACTION

PROFORMA OF COMPLAINTS REGISTERED ON STRAY DOGS ISSUE

Date of Complaint: ________________

Name of Complainant: __________________________________

Address of Complainant: ________________________________

________________________________________________

Phone/Mobile No: ___________________________________

Date of Attending: ___________________

Ward No. & Area attended:___________________________________

Dog Van No: ___________________

Supervisor In-Charge: ___________________________________

Total No. of dogs caught: Male: ____Female: __Puppies: ___Total: ______

Sig. of Complainant: _________________

Comments, if any: ______________________________________

Sig. of Supervisor: Sig. of Veterinarian-in-charge

Section VII – List of Employees:

List of Employees at ABC Centre:

	Name	Designation
1.	Mr. Bala Subramaniam	Manager
2.	Dr. Madhu Rao	Veterinarian
3.	Dr. P.M. Srinivasan	Vet.
4.	Dr. Venkatesh	Vet.
5.	Dr. Shashi Bhushan	Veterinarian
6.	Dr. H.D. Lohith	Vet.
7.	Mr. Manjunath	Office Assistant (Left)
8.	Mr. A. Ravi Kumar	Office Assistant
9.	Mr. Rama Prakash	Administration Assistance
10.	Mr. Y.T. Venkatesh	Driver (Left)
11.	Mr. Rajesh M.	Supervisor (Left)
12.	Mr. Chinnaiah	Dog catcher (Left)
13.	Mr. T. Srinivas	Driver
14.	Mr. Krishna M.	ABC Attender
15.	Mr. Narasimhamurthy	ABC Attender
16.	Mr. Yathish	ABC Attender (Left)
17.	Mr. K. Ravi Kumar	Supervisor
18.	Mr. N.V. Das	Attender
19.	Mr. Elumalai	Attender (Left)
20.	Mr. Sam Raj	Attender
21.	Mr. Shanthappa	Attender
22.	Mr. T.Yesu	Attender
23.	Mr. Bhaskar	Supervisor
24.	Ms Rita	Cleaner (passed away)
25.	Mr. Ayappa	Attender
26.	Mr. Freddy	Attender
27.	Dr. Pawan Kumar	Vet.
28.	Mr. S. Daniel	Attender
29.	Mr. Lokesh	ABC Attender
30.	Mr. Paul Raj	Dog Catcher
31.	Mr. Anand A.	Cleaner
32.	Mr. Raghu R. (Jr)	Dog catcher
33.	Mr. Arun K.	Dog catcher
34.	Mr. Mohan Raj	Driver
35.	Mr. Venkatesh	ABC Attender
36.	Mr. L. John Peter	Dog Catcher
37.	Security staff	2

If there is increased absenteeism or staff shortage, staff is called from CUPA Shelter to assist.

Dr. Gowda and Dr. Lohith went to Sri Lanka, to participate in an international programme of ABC/ARV for the stray and community dogs, soon after the Tsunami tragedy, which struck the island on December 2005.

Section VIII – Execution of the ABC/ARV/Euthanisation Programme

Advance programme for catching dogs in health Office (East) Zone:

Days	Releasing Dogs	Catching Dogs
Mondays	Koramangala Shivajinagar	Shanthinagar Jayamahal
Tuesdays	Hebbal Complaints	K.G. Halli Complaints
Wednesdays	Bharthinagar Jeevanbimanagar	Sarvagnanagar Banaswadi
Thursdays	Shanthinagar Complaints	Koramangala Complaints
Fridays	K.G. Halli Jayamahal	Hebbal Shivajinagar
Saturdays	Sarvagnanagar Banaswadi	Bharathinagar Jeevanbimanagar

Execution of the ABC Programme:

# The dogs vans go to the respective wards, at times, accompanied by the BBMP Health Inspectors. Dogs caught are ones that are diseased, aggressive as per complaints and dogs that are unsterilised.
# On arrival at the ABC Centre, they are colour coded with paint marks identifying the area that they have come from.
# They are shifted out and the healthy and friendly dogs are selected for sterilisation.
# The dogs are sterilised in aseptic conditions and kept in individual kennels.
# These dogs are dewormed and vaccinated against rabies.
# After ensuring that the surgery wound has healed and as per their colour markings, dogs are released back in the same areas that they were caught from.
# The dogs found unsuitable to live on the streets are humanely euthanized.

Re-Vaccination Schedule:

Veterinarian along with 2 dog catchers and auto – driver visit each locality as per a pre-planned schedule. The dogs on the street are caught and administered anti-rabies injections. These dogs are marked with a nylon green collar. This collar falls off after 4 to 6 months.

The dogs in a particular area are re-vaccinated in this manner covering a specific section of the city. The coloured collars identify dogs that have been vaccinated during the month. The chance of the same dog being re-vaccinated does not happen, as a rule.

Section IX (A) – Payments received from the BMP & how it is spent on the ABC/ARV/Euthanisation Programme

Expenditure details of grant received from the BBMP:

As per the Memorandum of Understanding with BBMP, payments should be ‘in advance’ for a period of 4 months. The following table is from October 2000 to March 2003. Fund was allocated for sterilisation of 600 dogs per month @ Rs. 350.00 per dog and euthanasia of 150 dogs per month.

Payments due for Months	BMP Payment received	Amount	Delay in payments
Oct’ 2000to Mar’ 2001	22.11.2000	8,41,400/-	4 months
Apr’ to Jul’ 2001	12.9.2001	8,41,400/-	6 months
Aug’ to Nov’2001	20.2.2002	8,41,400/-	7 months
Dec’2001 to Jan2002	2.8.2002	8,41,400/-	9 months
Feb’ to Mar’2002	26.8.2002	8,41,400/-	7 months
Apr’ to Jul’2002	11.10.2002	8,41,400/-	7 months
Aug’ 2002 to Jan’ 2003	25.3.2003	11,83,250	8 months
Feb’to Mar’2003	10.4.2003	4,20,700	3 months

These payments were for specifically the following:

Medications
ARV
Professional Veterinarian charges
Diesel
Vehicle Maintenance
Uniforms
Feeding
Cleaning Materials
Human ARV for Staff

Section IX (B)

Details of payments received from BBMP and how it is spent:

As per the Memorandum of Understanding with BBMP, money paid should be 'in advance’ for the work quarter.
This is from April 2003 to January 2006.
Targets set for the programme for 3 packages:
Sterilise & vaccinate 300 dogs per package= 300 X 3 packages=900 dogs per month
Re- vaccinate 300 dogs per package= 300 X 3 packages=900 dogs per month
Euthanise 100 dogs per package=100 X 3 packages = 300 per month

Payments due for Months	BMP Payment received	Amount in Rs.	Delay in payments
Apr’ to June 2003	24.5.2003	12,06,900	3 months
July to Nov’ 2003	2.12.2003	11,18,655	4 months
Dec’ 2003 to Feb’ 2004	11.3.2004	12,45,265	3 months
March 2004	7.6.2004	8,99,540	-
Apr’ to June 2004	25.6.2004	11,55,030	3 months
July to Sept’ 2004	24.9.2004	12.05,125	2 months
Oct’ to Dec’ 2004	14.3.2005	11,86,815	6 months
Jan’ to Mar’ 2005	20.6.2005	11,70,825	6 months
Apr’ to June 2005	12.7.2005	12,06,900	4 months
July to Sept’ 2005	25.11.2005	11,45,380	5 months
Oct’ to Dec’ 2005	16.5.2006	12,06,900	8 months
Jan’ to Mar’ 2006	5.6.2006	11,43,130	6 months
Apr’ to June 2006	30.8.2006	12,06,900	5 months
July to Sept’ 2006	7.1.2007	11,34,380	7 months

Payments from October 2006 to March 2007 are outstanding from the BBMP amounting to Rs. 24 lakhs

These costs include the following:

Rent for BBMP Dog vans
Medications for sterilisations
Medications for euthanasia
Salaries with provident fund & insurance
Over-time
Release expenses.
Anti-Rabies vaccinations for sterilised dogs & re-vaccination programme.
Vehicle maintenance
Diesel
Cleaning agents
Staff uniforms
Preventive rabies vaccination for staff handling dogs
Medical equipment
Feed
Stationary
Bowls, chains, collars etc.
Electricity
Water
Telephone

Section X – Performance of CUPA for the ABC/ARV/Euthanisation Programme

Electrocution of stray dogs was done regularly for the past 60 years. CUPA has records of electrocution from 1995.
1995-1996 - No. of dogs electrocuted =14, 483
1996-1997 - No. of dogs electrocuted = 8,698
1997-1998 - No. of dogs electrocuted = 11,708
1998-1999 - No. of dogs electrocuted = 7,554.

In May 1999, BMP discontinued the electrocution. Thereafter, partial ABC/ARV/EUTHANASIA was started in October 2000 as a pilot project.

CUPA FIGURES FOR THE ABC/ARV/EUTHANASIA PROGRAMME FROM OCTOBER 2000 TO JANUARY 2007.

Year	No. of dogs caught	No. of Male Dogs Sterilised	No. of Female Dogs Sterilised	Total No. of Dogs sterilised	No. of Dogs Vaccinated & Re-Vaccinated	No. of dogs euthanized
2000-2001	5209	2406	2801	5207	6000	632
2001-2002	9074	2809	3673	6482	7769	2625
2002-2003	9406	3449	4156	7605	7237	2655
2003-2004	14013	5123	5483	10506	20038	3625
2004-2005	14655	5467	5453	10920	11341	3804
2005-2006	14598	5001	5801	10802	11110	3616
2006-2007 upto Jan’07	12064	437	4495	8866	9276	3240
Total	82796	29820	33298	63018	76247	21547

There are discrepancies in the numbers caught as against dogs sterilised and euthanised. This is because many community dogs were operated at the CUPA Shelter, after being brought in directly by members of the public or by the Ambulance.

As per the Board Meeting held on 28th April 2005, Mrs. Sanober Z. Bharucha was nominated as the Public Information Officer.

Protest March - Against killing stray dogs

2007-01-31T08:52:00.000-08:00

--------- Forwarded message ----------
Dear Animal lovers,

I just recd. SMS from ARF - reads as follows:

Dog-haters are meeting BMP Commissioner and asking for:
1. Killing all stray dogs
2. Removing the vocal cords of pet dogs to stop barking.

ANIMAL LOVERS ARE PROTESTING AGAINST THEIR MOVE AND HAVE CALLED FOR ALL TO PARTICIPATE. PLS ASSEMBLE AT MAYO HALL - 2.45 P.M. ON 02-02-2007 to show our strength and protest

R.S.V.P - Shoba 9886138311

Pls confirm with Shoba before attending.

Pls attend & get many people to attend - You cd. also help ARF in posters, press release, etc.
- Brindha
-----------------------------------------

Cross posted at http://soultrot.blogspot.com

DOGGY’ S DAY OUT - CUPA DOG SHOW A Canine Fund Raiser for Animals in aid of a Sanctuary for Large Animals

2006-10-07T01:34:00.001-07:00

Compassion Unlimited Plus Action - CUPA is a registered public charitable Trust for the welfare of animals based in Bangalore. From two tiny rooms in the home of its Founder President, Crystal Rogers, in October 1991, CUPA today operates from three centres. More than 10,000 wild and domestic animals pass through its portals and services range from urban stray dog control to load bearing animal relief centres, from 24 hours, 7 days a week animal shelter and emergency care center, to rehabilitation of wildlife in their indigenous forest zones.

Today, CUPA in Bangalore is synonymous with animal advocacy and welfare. There is an element of personalized care in the busy KVAFSU-CUPA Veterinary Animal Shelter at Hebbal campus that CUPA runs in the heart of Bangalore for all types of animals – stray, wounded, abused, owned or abandoned.

Due to inadequate education and large families, the owners of draught animals as per our Survey, has revealed very limited financial resources at their disposal. Hence, there is a lack of medical treatment, aid or advice on animal care. CUPA is witness to problems faced by the draught animals and farmers in remote villages who have minimal access to medical aid for their animals.CUPA’s Out-Reach Programme, at present, organises free large animal monthly health camps reaching out to hundreds of animal of farmers, bullock carts and jutka owners. However, there is a crying need of a Sanctuary for large animals to provide the abandoned, the sick and aged large animals with proper medical aid and good care.To realise CUPA’s dream for such a Sanctuary, a special fun - filled eventfor the entire family and children of all ages has been organised in November 2006 as

Doggy’s Day Out - A Special Dog Show

The event includes pedigree dogs as well as non- pedigree dogs. A memorable day out with your family , friends AND YOUR PET DOG. The date and venue of the event will be informed to you.The Dog Show will be followed by an Entertainment Programme and your family and pets’ needs will be fulfilled at the variety of stalls at the Show.To mark this occasion, we will bring out a brochure soCome.....join hands with us and sponsor an advertisement in our brochureas One who cares!

KINDLY COMPLETE THE FORM GIVEN BELOW IN BLOCK LETTERS AND RETURN TO
CUPA,
257, ICROSS, HAL II STAGE,
INDIRANAGAR, BANGALORE - 560 038

TEL: 22947300/22947301
FAX: 2229377
1Name of the person/Company:
Address of Person/Company:
Tel/Mobile:
Fax:
Email:
Category of Advertisement: Please tick the relevant Category
B/W Colour
Inside FRONT cover : - Rs.20,000
Inside BACK cover : - Rs.20,000
Back cover : - Rs.25,000
Full Page : Rs.7,500 Rs.10,000
Half Page : Rs.2,500 Rs. 3,000
Quarter Page : Rs.2,500 -
Strips : Rs. 500 -
Size of Full page: 27cm X 20 cm
Last date for entry of advertisement matter is 10th October 2006.

Advertisement material:

Cheques/D.D. may kindly be made in favour of ‘ CUPA’:
Please find enclosed Cash/Cheque/D.D. No ..... dt.....for Rs........
Your valued contribution - personal/Company in the brochure are welcome
Donations to CUPA are exempt from Income Tax under section 80G of the IT Act.

Link: In Totidem Verbis

C.U.P.A Fund raiser

2006-10-04T03:21:00.000-07:00

We at CUPA ( Compassion Unlimited Plus Action) are organising a fund raising event for a large animal shelter at Kengeri on 5th november at Sulivan Police grounds, opposite Garuda Mall on Magrath road. The event starts at 11.30 am. Please Participate in the event with your cute little darlings thats your pets. There are 10 events wherein your dear darling will not pnly be tested for how disciplined he/she is but for how naughty and playful they are.( the events are:" Look like your owner", "Fattest Dog" "Most Talented","Best Smile", "Most Well Groomed"" Funniest walk","Prettiest eyes""Most Disobedient"" Best Mixed Breed""Curliest tail"). The entry fee for participation is Rs 100/-. Entrance fee for the event is Rs 20/- for people who are not bringing along their pets for people who bring in their pets the Entrance fee would be Rs 50/-We also have stalls at the event. Each stall costs 5k, For details on stalls contact nankam03@yahoo.co.in.We need around 50 Volunteers for the event, Any help will be highly valued. Do Contact CUPA for more details or email Kaushik at kaushiksv@yahoo.com or kaushik.sv.22@gmail.com

Cross-posted @ Soultrot

CUPA Garage sale

2006-08-08T01:23:00.000-07:00

We at CUPA are organising a garage sale for animals .If you have some stuff which you don't use and is lying at home (like old furniture,clothes not used and used, junk jewellery,electric items, bags,anything under the sun that is not being used at home any longer), you can drop it at CUPA, Veterinary science college campus, Bellary road, Hebbal, Bangalore

We are also short of old newspapers for the animals at the shelter.

For further details contact CUPA at 22947312 and 313.

Cross-posted at Soultrot

2006-07-17T06:27:00.000-07:00

These are a few recent happenings at CUPA:

Goldman Sachs worked with us for 10 days in various sessions spread over 2 months. They did up a part of the garden, painted the boarding kennels, the corridor and the pup room; they bathed all the shelter doggies. Apart from this they conducted a canine therapy program in one institution. Apart from this they did something which just brought a smile on our face. They flew down the most renowned, world famous and best photographer in the world, Steve McCurry (of the Nat geo fame), to take pictures on Cupa and our activities, last week. He was with us for 2 days. (Even George Bush cannot get him to work for him). So we are famous.:-) He is going to send us the pictures soon .So keep checking this blog for those.

Adoption Programmes:

We have 5 little calves with us now. All abandoned. One is a buffalo boy, 3 are female calves and one is a baby bull. And also with the calves come our little pups and cats who are eager to be a part of your family. Indian dogs are the best for our climate and they are as beautiful and loyal as any other breed. So visit CUPA and say hi to a new friend.

And of course ,you can help us achieve these goals:

The Kengeri centre needs lots of funds to get it set up. Water is logging in the land and we have to raise the land by 5 feet to get the place running. We are going to have a Dog show in the first week of November this year. The proceeds of the show will help set up the Kengeri unit. There will be a ramp walk whereyou canwalk your dogs. Prizes will be given to them for categories like Most Disobedient, Most curly tail, etc. After the show there will be a performance by artists. There will be stalls on the grounds selling a variety of products and food items. So get your naughty Pups to strut their stuff and let them charm us with style.

Apart from this all our other regular activities are going fine. We continue with our canine therapy, rural camps, human education programs, etc. Thank you all for all your support in making this world a beautiful place to live in.

For more details on the programmes, Contact CUPA at 22947312 and 313.

Cross-posted at Soultrot

In memory of Princess..

2006-06-14T09:07:00.000-07:00

Princess was born two weeks back in my area... She was a cute pup.. Today someone decided that it was time for her to go.. Princess was run over by a cruel car.She was not allowed to live till she grew up.This post is for my princess.( I really regret my decision to not leave her at CUPA)

This sunday princess came with me to CUPA. She was scared to see the other dogs and she happily played with Pradyot and Swati. I called her the sleeping beauty cos she always slept on our building stairs and refused to move even when asked to. The kids of the area fed her, played with her and today before our eyes a car hit her and she died instantly.

A serious request to all of you driving a car. Please dont drive as though you are on the race track. Remember its a public road . Dont try your racing skills on small lanes. You might end up killing a mute animal who has no one to claim compensation for its death. But it still has life..

Princess..
You deserved a home
and a beautiful life
Hope you rest in peace
and the angels above
take care of you.
You will always be remembered

2006-06-13T02:55:00.000-07:00

Put a small child in a crib along with a chicken and an apple. I can bet you that ten times out of ten, the kid will eat the apple and play with the chicken.

Surely somewhere along the way we are taken astray.

Pups for adoption at CUPA

2006-06-12T06:18:00.000-07:00

2006-06-12T05:54:00.000-07:00

Suparna Ganguly ,Vice President, CUPA on 101.3 Fm Rainbow

2006-06-12T01:47:00.000-07:00

Hey all,
Tune into Shubha's show tomorrow(13th June'06) morning between 9-10 am on 101.3 FM Rainbow. She would be interviewing Suparna Ganguly, Vice President,Compassion Unlimited Plus Action. (CUPA).

We would be talking about the various animal welfare programmes that CUPA has taken up, Stray dogs, CUPA's Adoption programmes. Animal rights etc..If you have any questions regarding the same. do leave a line by 10pm tonight on soultrot@yahoo.com or message her on 9945703324 between 8 and 10am tomorrow morning.

Dont forget to tune into 1o1.3 MHZ, FM Rainbow

Congrats

2006-04-22T06:51:00.000-07:00

Congrats Mojo on being a proud parent.. Thanks for adopting Itappa: the dog with a notorious past..

You can be a foster parent too.

Just visit CUPA, Pick your favorite dog out of the permanent residents of CUPA and they will take care of the dog for u. All you need to do is to contribute 350/- per month,per animal and visit the dog whenever you are free..You will be updated regularly about the activities and healtht of your dog.

Contact CUPA at 22947300 or 22947301

Cross posted at Soultrot

CUPA Hebbal clinic not to be open in the evening from now on

2006-04-02T23:35:00.000-07:00

Hey all your animal lovers, please note that CUPA clinic(OPD) at Hebbal will not be open in the evening from now on. But they have opened up a new clinic at RT Nagar for our convenience.

Check this for the route map to reach there.

The new clinic is quite near to the Doordarshan Kendra at Jaymahal. If u find any difficulty finding out the place, u can call CUPA at 2294312/22942313, They would guide you further.

The timings are
OPD : Sunday to Saturday, 7.00 a.m -1.30 p.m & 2.30 p.m - 11.00 p.m.

Good News.

2006-04-02T23:32:00.000-07:00

Good news friends..

Brownie got adopted a few days back. He is very happy in his new home and living a happy life. Lets all wish him a happy life ahead. :-)

2006-03-11T01:52:00.000-08:00

Born on the streets
A chubby healthy Kid
"Why couldnt she find another place to litter"
Mom took me from there
To protect me from them
Cruel world, Crazy Machines
All unhappy at my birth
Mom never got much bread
But fed me and Brother.
People wouldnt spare her
Even when she fed
Sticks ,stones and abuses
Hurled at her
She went on feeding us.
Humans they were
Superior beings said mom
But to me
Seemed so inferior
Mind, they had to think
Which they said I lacked
But yet they decided to hit me
Protests they called
Against violence against them
But none fought for me
A mute roadside animal
Not a precious human
Thats my identity
How mean this world can be

Cross-posted at http://soultrot.blogspot.com

2006-02-19T06:49:00.000-08:00

Another event of Man betraying his Animal friend. This is Brownie(thats what Prema who is taking care of him has named him) Brownie is a cute, 20 days old doggie whom someone (we dont want to name this person) decided to adopt. What they didnt realise that animals, like humans need affection and love. They need to be pampered and touched.They thought they can just put a chain on his neck and ask him to guard their home without even touching him once.

Brownie wouldnt eat and then they called Prema to ask her to take him back for they didnt think that a dog required their attention.SO here is Brownie once again waiting to be adopted. Prema cant keep him at her home cos she already has dogs at home.
Anyone who wants to take this bundle of joy home and make him a member of your family, do contact Prema at 9448562717 or email me at soultrot@yahoo.com

Cross posted at http://www.soultrot.blogspot.com/

My Dog : a Breed Dog, The Roadside pup: A dirty dog

2006-02-13T05:13:00.000-08:00

I was really shocked to overhear this conversation between Dad and another guy who was there with his dog for treatment at the vet's clinic the other day. The man was complaining abt ticks on his Dog(a German Shepard) and constantly refered to the street dogs as dirty useless dogs. Moreover he was wondering why they cant be done away with.I couldnt help but wonder how a dog owner could be biased about "his Dog" and the "Useless" Dog.

Another day I read a letter to the editor in a newspaper by a person complaining about street dog and nuisance they create in the night. My response to this would be

a) Well I agree dogs bark in the night, that doesnt mean that they should be killed. They bark only at strangers and people who zoom their bikes in the night( experience of 5 years with stray dogs of every locality I have lived).

b) People who complain about stray dogs littering pups. I agree that this is a genuine problem. But a stray dog doesnt possibly have the human intellect to understand the importance of family planning. So humans who claim to be intelligent should realise the need to inform Animal welfare organisation about unsterilized and non-vaccinated dogs in the locality.

Iam sure my arguement above would raise questions about how to recognise which dogs are sterilized. The dogs which are sterilized are usually clipped on their ear by the organisation.That would help you differentiate between the dogs who are sterilized and ones who are not.

God and man

2006-02-01T00:15:00.000-08:00

God loved the birds and invented trees. Man loved the birds and invented cages.

Animal Welfare Fortnight

2006-01-30T05:41:00.000-08:00

Animal Welfare Fortnight ends tommorow,

Do contact CUPA and help rural animals live a healthy life..

CUPA Animal Care Clinic

2006-01-25T23:21:00.000-08:00

CUPA Animal Care Clinic at No.4 (Old No 39/1), New Devegowda Road, Thimmaiah Garden,1st Main, R.T.Nagar, Bangalore -560032.

You can call them on 2294312/22942313

The timings are

OPD : Sunday to Saturday, 7.00 a.m -1.30 p.m & 2.30 p.m - 11.00 p.m.

Animal Welfare Fortnight

2006-01-25T23:17:00.000-08:00

Cupa observes Animal Welfare Fortnight from 15th to 31st Jan 2006.

Cupa has organised urban and rural camps to provide free medications,vaccinations & counselling.

Come, Join hands with them by your generous contributions to help over 10,000 large animals.Your helping hand will save many animals.

The Difference

2006-01-24T21:41:00.000-08:00

"If you take a starving dog off the street, bring him home and feed him, he will not bite you. That is the fundamental difference between dog and man."

A BIG BOW TO HUMANS

2006-01-23T07:58:00.000-08:00

Tommy & Nithya with their 2 CUPA Friends in conversation with special correspondent Shubha about CUPA & the blog "All For Bow"

Shubha: Hi Tommy & Nithya

Tommy & Nithya: Hi Humans, Welcome to our blog.

S: So Tom & Nithya , Whats the purpose behind writing this blog?

T & N:Well the purpose behind this blog is to write about ofcourse ourselves and also a few other of our fellow animal beings like Miss Moo and Miss meow and Mr Hee Haw .

S: But why CUPA?

T & N:We all love this place called CUPA . Most of our writing will be about our friends who reside in CUPA .

S: Hmmm.. So will this blog be telling us about the whats happening at CUPA?

T & N: Yes , Ofcourse. We will cover every event that happens at CUPA. We will let you know about the adoption programme, the Foster parenting Programme and sponsorships and other events as & when they are scheduled.

S: That sounds interesting.

T & N: It truly is Shubha.

S: Many of the people are curious to know as to which of the pups are available for Foster Parenting and how they could go about with it.

T & N : We are aware that its difficult for people to take care of pups at home in this busy world and many of them want to be Foster parents. We will surely put up information about the programme in the coming posts.We will also put up the pictures of our friends who are available for adoption and also let people know when a pup gets adopted.

S: Guess this blog is going to be a treat for all animal lovers out there

T & N: Ya it will be. Happy reading..